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• Network Configuration For Mac Windows 7
• Network Configuration Management

Network setup for Mac OS X. Last revision September 19, 2012. TCP/IP Configuration TCP/IP is the network protocol used on the Internet for email, web, file sharing, and other services. The default TCP/IP configuration in Mac OS X works correctly with Stanford's network self-registration system. For example, to enable the MAC filter on a Linksys Wireless-N router, go to the Wireless Wireless MAC Filter page. The same can be done on NETGEAR routers through Advanced Security Access Control, and some D-Link routers in Advanced Network Filter.

Virtual Network basics

What is an Azure Virtual Network (VNet)?

An Azure Virtual Network (VNet) is a representation of your own network in the cloud. It is a logical isolation of the Azure cloud dedicated to your subscription. You can use VNets to provision and manage virtual private networks (VPNs) in Azure and, optionally, link the VNets with other VNets in Azure, or with your on-premises IT infrastructure to create hybrid or cross-premises solutions. Each VNet you create has its own CIDR block and can be linked to other VNets and on-premises networks as long as the CIDR blocks do not overlap. You also have control of DNS server settings for VNets, and segmentation of the VNet into subnets.

Use VNets to:

• Create a dedicated private cloud-only VNet. Sometimes you don't require a cross-premises configuration for your solution. When you create a VNet, your services and VMs within your VNet can communicate directly and securely with each other in the cloud. You can still configure endpoint connections for the VMs and services that require Internet communication, as part of your solution.

• Securely extend your data center. With VNets, you can build traditional site-to-site (S2S) VPNs to securely scale your datacenter capacity. S2S VPNs use IPSEC to provide a secure connection between your corporate VPN gateway and Azure.

• Enable hybrid cloud scenarios. VNets give you the flexibility to support a range of hybrid cloud scenarios. You can securely connect cloud-based applications to any type of on-premises system such as mainframes and Unix systems.

How do I get started?

Visit the Virtual network documentation to get started. This content provides overview and deployment information for all of the VNet features.

Can I use VNets without cross-premises connectivity?

Yes. You can use a VNet without connecting it to your premises. For example, you could run Microsoft Windows Server Active Directory domain controllers and SharePoint farms solely in an Azure VNet.

Can I perform WAN optimization between VNets or a VNet and my on-premises data center?

Yes. You can deploy a WAN optimization network virtual appliance from several vendors through the Azure Marketplace.

Configuration

What tools do I use to create a VNet?

You can use the following tools to create or configure a VNet:

• Azure portal
• PowerShell
• Azure CLI
• A network configuration file (netcfg - for classic VNets only). See the Configure a VNet using a network configuration file article.

What address ranges can I use in my VNets?

We recommend that you use the address ranges enumerated in RFC 1918, which have been set aside by the IETF for private, non-routable address spaces:

• 10.0.0.0 - 10.255.255.255 (10/8 prefix)
• 172.16.0.0 - 172.31.255.255 (172.16/12 prefix)
• 192.168.0.0 - 192.168.255.255 (192.168/16 prefix)

Other address spaces may work but may have undesirable side effects.

In addition, you cannot add the following address ranges:

• 224.0.0.0/4 (Multicast)
• 255.255.255.255/32 (Broadcast)
• 127.0.0.0/8 (Loopback)
• 169.254.0.0/16 (Link-local)
• 168.63.129.16/32 (Internal DNS)

Can I have public IP addresses in my VNets?

Yes. For more information about public IP address ranges, see Create a virtual network. Public IP addresses are not directly accessible from the internet.

Is there a limit to the number of subnets in my VNet?

Yes. See Azure limits for details. Subnet address spaces cannot overlap one another.

Are there any restrictions on using IP addresses within these subnets?

Yes. Azure reserves 5 IP addresses within each subnet. These are x.x.x.0-x.x.x.3 and the last address of the subnet. x.x.x.1-x.x.x.3 is reserved in each subnet for Azure services.

• x.x.x.0: Network address
• x.x.x.1: Reserved by Azure for the default gateway
• x.x.x.2, x.x.x.3: Reserved by Azure to map the Azure DNS IPs to the VNet space
• x.x.x.255: Network broadcast address

How small and how large can VNets and subnets be?

The smallest supported IPv4 subnet is /29, and the largest is /8 (using CIDR subnet definitions). IPv6 subnets must be exactly /64 in size.

Can I bring my VLANs to Azure using VNets?

No. VNets are Layer-3 overlays. Azure does not support any Layer-2 semantics.

Can I specify custom routing policies on my VNets and subnets?

Yes. You can create a route table and associate it to a subnet. For more information about routing in Azure, see Routing overview.

Do VNets support multicast or broadcast?

No. Multicast and broadcast are not supported.

What protocols can I use within VNets?

You can use TCP, UDP, and ICMP TCP/IP protocols within VNets. Unicast is supported within VNets, with the exception of Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) via Unicast (source port UDP/68 / destination port UDP/67) and UDP source port 65330 which is reserved for the host. Multicast, broadcast, IP-in-IP encapsulated packets, and Generic Routing Encapsulation (GRE) packets are blocked within VNets.

Can I ping my default routers within a VNet?

No.

Can I use tracert to diagnose connectivity?

No.

Can I add subnets after the VNet is created?

Yes. Subnets can be added to VNets at any time as long as the subnet address range is not part of another subnet and there is available space left in the virtual network's address range.

Can I modify the size of my subnet after I create it?

Yes. You can add, remove, expand, or shrink a subnet if there are no VMs or services deployed within it.

Can I modify Vnet after I created them?

Yes. You can add, remove, and modify the CIDR blocks used by a VNet.

If I am running my services in a VNet, can I connect to the internet?

Yes. All services deployed within a VNet can connect outbound to the internet. To learn more about outbound internet connections in Azure, see Outbound connections. If you want to connect inbound to a resource deployed through Resource Manager, the resource must have a public IP address assigned to it. To learn more about public IP addresses, see Public IP addresses. Every Azure Cloud Service deployed in Azure has a publicly addressable VIP assigned to it. You define input endpoints for PaaS roles and endpoints for virtual machines to enable these services to accept connections from the internet.

Do VNets support IPv6?

Yes, VNets can be IPv4-only or dual stack (IPv4+IPv6). For details, see Overview of IPv6 for Azure Virtual Networks.

Can a VNet span regions?

No. A VNet is limited to a single region. A virtual network does, however, span availability zones. To learn more about availability zones, see Availability zones overview. You can connect virtual networks in different regions with virtual network peering. For details, see Virtual network peering overview

Can I connect a VNet to another VNet in Azure?

Yes. You can connect one VNet to another VNet using either:

• Virtual network peering: For details, see VNet peering overview
• An Azure VPN Gateway: For details, see Configure a VNet-to-VNet connection.

Name Resolution (DNS)

What are my DNS options for VNets?

Use the decision table on the Name Resolution for VMs and Role Instances page to guide you through all the DNS options available.

Can I specify DNS servers for a VNet?

Yes. You can specify DNS server IP addresses in the VNet settings. The setting is applied as the default DNS server(s) for all VMs in the VNet.

How many DNS servers can I specify?

Reference Azure limits.

Can I modify my DNS servers after I have created the network?

Yes. You can change the DNS server list for your VNet at any time. If you change your DNS server list, you need to perform a DHCP lease renewal on all affected VMs in the VNet, for the new DNS settings to take effect. For VMs running Windows OS you can do this by typing ipconfig /renew directly on the VM. For other OS types, refer to the DHCP lease renewal documentation for the specific OS type.

What is Azure-provided DNS and does it work with VNets?

Azure-provided DNS is a multi-tenant DNS service offered by Microsoft. Azure registers all of your VMs and cloud service role instances in this service. This service provides name resolution by hostname for VMs and role instances contained within the same cloud service, and by FQDN for VMs and role instances in the same VNet. To learn more about DNS, see Name Resolution for VMs and Cloud Services role instances.

There is a limitation to the first 100 cloud services in a VNet for cross-tenant name resolution using Azure-provided DNS. If you are using your own DNS server, this limitation does not apply.

Can I override my DNS settings on a per-VM or cloud service basis?

Yes. You can set DNS servers per VM or cloud service to override the default network settings. However, it's recommended that you use network-wide DNS as much as possible.

Can I bring my own DNS suffix?

No. You cannot specify a custom DNS suffix for your VNets.

Connecting virtual machines

Can I deploy VMs to a VNet?

Yes. All network interfaces (NIC) attached to a VM deployed through the Resource Manager deployment model must be connected to a VNet. VMs deployed through the classic deployment model can optionally be connected to a VNet.

What are the different types of IP addresses I can assign to VMs?

• Private: Assigned to each NIC within each VM. The address is assigned using either the static or dynamic method. Private IP addresses are assigned from the range that you specified in the subnet settings of your VNet. Resources deployed through the classic deployment model are assigned private IP addresses, even if they're not connected to a VNet. The behavior of the allocation method is different depending on whether a resource was deployed with the Resource Manager or classic deployment model:

  • Resource Manager: A private IP address assigned with the dynamic or static method remains assigned to a virtual machine (Resource Manager) until the resource is deleted. The difference is that you select the address to assign when using static, and Azure chooses when using dynamic.
  • Classic: A private IP address assigned with the dynamic method may change when a virtual machine (classic) VM is restarted after having been in the stopped (deallocated) state. If you need to ensure that the private IP address for a resource deployed through the classic deployment model never changes, assign a private IP address with the static method.

• Public: Optionally assigned to NICs attached to VMs deployed through the Azure Resource Manager deployment model. The address can be assigned with the static or dynamic allocation method. All VMs and Cloud Services role instances deployed through the classic deployment model exist within a cloud service, which is assigned a dynamic, public virtual IP (VIP) address. A public static IP address, called a Reserved IP address, can optionally be assigned as a VIP. You can assign public IP addresses to individual VMs or Cloud Services role instances deployed through the classic deployment model. These addresses are called Instance level public IP (ILPIP addresses and can be assigned dynamically.

Can I reserve a private IP address for a VM that I will create at a later time?

No. You cannot reserve a private IP address. If a private IP address is available, it is assigned to a VM or role instance by the DHCP server. The VM may or may not be the one that you want the private IP address assigned to. You can, however, change the private IP address of an already created VM, to any available private IP address.

Do private IP addresses change for VMs in a VNet?

Network Configuration For Mac Windows 7

It depends. If the VM was deployed through Resource Manager, no, regardless of whether the IP address was assigned with the static or dynamic allocation method. If the VM was deployed through the classic deployment model, dynamic IP addresses can change when a VM is started after having been in the stopped (deallocated) state. The address is released from a VM deployed through either deployment model when the VM is deleted.

Can I manually assign IP addresses to NICs within the VM operating system?

Yes, but it's not recommended unless necessary, such as when assigning multiple IP addresses to a virtual machine. For details, see Adding multiple IP addresses to a virtual machine. If the IP address assigned to an Azure NIC attached to a VM changes, and the IP address within the VM operating system is different, you lose connectivity to the VM.

If I stop a Cloud Service deployment slot or shutdown a VM from within the operating system, what happens to my IP addresses?

Nothing. The IP addresses (public VIP, public, and private) remain assigned to the cloud service deployment slot or VM.

Can I move VMs from one subnet to another subnet in a VNet without redeploying?

Yes. You can find more information in the How to move a VM or role instance to a different subnet article.

Can I configure a static MAC address for my VM?

No. A MAC address cannot be statically configured.

Will the MAC address remain the same for my VM once it's created?

Yes, the MAC address remains the same for a VM deployed through both the Resource Manager and classic deployment models until it's deleted. Previously, the MAC address was released if the VM was stopped (deallocated), but now the MAC address is retained even when the VM is in the deallocated state. The MAC address remains assigned to the network interface until the network interface is deleted or the private IP address assigned to the primary IP configuration of the primary network interface is changed.

Can I connect to the internet from a VM in a VNet?

Yes. All VMs and Cloud Services role instances deployed within a VNet can connect to the Internet.

Azure services that connect to VNets

Can I use Azure App Service Web Apps with a VNet?

Yes. You can deploy Web Apps inside a VNet using an ASE (App Service Environment), connect the backend of your apps to your VNets with VNet Integration, and lock down inbound traffic to your app with service endpoints. For more information, see the following articles:

Can I deploy Cloud Services with web and worker roles (PaaS) in a VNet?

Yes. You can (optionally) deploy Cloud Services role instances within VNets. To do so, you specify the VNet name and the role/subnet mappings in the network configuration section of your service configuration. You do not need to update any of your binaries.

Can I connect a virtual machine scale set to a VNet?

Yes. You must connect a virtual machine scale set to a VNet.

Is there a complete list of Azure services that can I deploy resources from into a VNet?

Yes, For details, see Virtual network integration for Azure services.

How can I restrict access to Azure PaaS resources from a VNet?

Resources deployed through some Azure PaaS services (such as Azure Storage and Azure SQL Database), can restrict network access to VNet through the use of virtual network service endpoints or Azure Private Link. For details, see Virtual network service endpoints overview, Azure Private Link overview

Can I move my services in and out of VNets?

No. You cannot move services in and out of VNets. To move a resource to another VNet, you have to delete and redeploy the resource.

Security

What is the security model for VNets?

VNets are isolated from one another, and other services hosted in the Azure infrastructure. A VNet is a trust boundary.

Can I restrict inbound or outbound traffic flow to VNet-connected resources?

Yes. You can apply Network Security Groups to individual subnets within a VNet, NICs attached to a VNet, or both.

Can I implement a firewall between VNet-connected resources?

Yes. You can deploy a firewall network virtual appliance from several vendors through the Azure Marketplace.

Is there information available about securing VNets?

Yes. For details, see Azure Network Security Overview.

APIs, schemas, and tools

Can I manage VNets from code?

Yes. You can use REST APIs for VNets in the Azure Resource Manager and classic deployment models.

Is there tooling support for VNets?

Network Configuration Management

Yes. Learn more about using:

• The Azure portal to deploy VNets through the Azure Resource Manager and classic deployment models.
• PowerShell to manage VNets deployed through the Resource Manager and classic deployment models.
• The Azure command-line interface (CLI) to deploy and manage VNets deployed through the Resource Manager and classic deployment models.

VNet peering

What is VNet peering?

VNet peering (or virtual network peering) enables you to connect virtual networks. A VNet peering connection between virtual networks enables you to route traffic between them privately through IPv4 addresses. Virtual machines in the peered VNets can communicate with each other as if they are within the same network. These virtual networks can be in the same region or in different regions (also known as Global VNet Peering). VNet peering connections can also be created across Azure subscriptions.

Can I create a peering connection to a VNet in a different region?

Yes. Global VNet peering enables you to peer VNets in different regions. Global VNet peering is available in all Azure public regions, China cloud regions, and Government cloud regions. You cannot globally peer from Azure public regions to national cloud regions.

What are the constraints related to Global VNet Peering and Load Balancers?

If the two virtual networks in two different regions are peered over Global VNet Peering, you cannot connect to resources that are behind a Basic Load Balancer through the Front End IP of the Load Balancer. This restriction does not exist for a Standard Load Balancer.The following resources can use Basic Load Balancers which means you cannot reach them through the Load Balancer's Front End IP over Global VNet Peering. You can however use Global VNet peering to reach the resources directly through their private VNet IPs, if permitted.

• VMs behind Basic Load Balancers
• Virtual machine scale sets with Basic Load Balancers
• Redis Cache
• Application Gateway (v1) SKU
• Service Fabric
• API Management
• Active Directory Domain Service (ADDS)
• Logic Apps
• HDInsight
• Azure Batch
• App Service Environment

You can connect to these resources via ExpressRoute or VNet-to-VNet through VNet Gateways.

Can I enable VNet Peering if my virtual networks belong to subscriptions within different Azure Active Directory tenants?

Yes. It is possible to establish VNet Peering (whether local or global) if your subscriptions belong to different Azure Active Directory tenants. You can do this via Portal, PowerShell or CLI.

My VNet peering connection is in Initiated state, why can't I connect?

If your peering connection is in an Initiated state, this means you have created only one link. A bidirectional link must be created in order to establish a successful connection. For example, to peer VNet A to VNet B, a link must be created from VNetA to VNetB and from VNetB to VNetA. Creating both links will change the state to Connected.

My VNet peering connection is in Disconnected state, why can't I create a peering connection?

If your VNet peering connection is in a Disconnected state, it means one of the links created was deleted. In order to re-establish a peering connection, you will need to delete the link and recreate it.

Can I peer my VNet with a VNet in a different subscription?

Yes. You can peer VNets across subscriptions and across regions.

Can I peer two VNets with matching or overlapping address ranges?

No. Address spaces must not overlap to enable VNet Peering.

How much do VNet peering links cost?

There is no charge for creating a VNet peering connection. Data transfer across peering connections is charged. See here.

Is VNet peering traffic encrypted?

When Azure traffic moves between datacenters (outside physical boundaries not controlled by Microsoft or on behalf of Microsoft), MACsec tag listed under services supporting service endpoints is used for supporting service endpoints to ADLS Gen 1. For ADLS Gen 1, virtual network integration for Azure Data Lake Storage Gen1 makes use of the virtual network service endpoint security between your virtual network and Azure Active Directory (Azure AD) to generate additional security claims in the access token. These claims are then used to authenticate your virtual network to your Data Lake Storage Gen1 account and allow access. Learn more about Azure Data Lake Store Gen 1 VNet Integration

Are there any limits on how many VNet service endpoints I can set up from my VNet?

There is no limit on the total number of VNet service endpoints in a virtual network. For an Azure service resource (such as an Azure Storage account), services may enforce limits on the number of subnets used for securing the resource. The following table shows some example limits:

Note

The limits are subjected to changes at the discretion of the Azure service. Refer to the respective service documentation for services details.